SURVEYING A Comprehensive Guide to Geomatics Engineering Applications

Abstract

Human beings want to know the location of the place where they are, whether it is on land or at sea, and to reach to another place from the shortest distance or through certain stops. They also want to maintain its dominance over the land in order to meet the basic needs required to survive, such as housing, food needs.

In addition to all these, the determination of property boundaries for the regulation of social relations and taxation studies have increased the need for maps. The use and presentation of maps from the past to the present have changed and improved. When the old records are examined, it is seen that the land tax system based on land surface and net income was established in 5000 BC in Egypt, and maps were made to eliminate the disputes arising from the floodings of the Nile. One of the oldest documents in the world was drawn on a tablet in 4000 BC. This tablet was found in the deserts of Arabia. Besides, the oldest known world map in history was made by Piri Reis in 1513.

Production of all these maps is possible with making measurements from the field, making calculations and drawing. The methods vary according to the tools used in these process steps.

In the past, measurements were done with simple measuring instruments such as steel tapes, plumb, poles and prism. Calculations were manually using the measurement by using rulers, squares and compasses. At first lead pencils and then inking were used for the production of large-scale maps of small areas with a lot of labour and in a long time.

With the advancements in technology, digital instruments have been produced that can measure more quickly, precisely and easily. The theodolites were replaced by electronic tacheometers, GNSS receivers; dumpy levels were replaced by compensated (automatic) levels, digital and laser levels. With the help of software in computers, calculations and maps can be made by spending less time. Both two-dimensional and three-dimensional maps of the terrain can be produced with map plotters. In fact, today, the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) and LIDAR system is popular and the maps containing positional and height information of large areas can be obtained in a much shorter time with high precision. With the development of artificial intelligence and space / satellite techniques in the near future, it is inevitable to model the earth's surface with the desired accuracy.

Since the beginning of the first surveying works conducted in Turkey, one of the main lectures in Geomatics Engineering Departments has been "Surveying (Topography)", which has been discussed by many professors and published as a book. In this book, we aim to support our mapping processes with current measurement and information content by prioritizing operations with both simple and electronic measurement instruments and modern measuring systems.

order to facilitate the understanding of freshmen and amateurs, this book was supported with abundant examples and solutions in order to introduce the basic measurement instruments, methods and calculations with as much clear and detailed explanation as possible, with examples and pictures from colourful and contemporary life. By introducing the latest technological instruments, mapping operations such as digital leveling, leveling with GNSS, traverse calculation with GNSS, and tacheometry are described.

In addition, since the Large Scale Map and Map Information Regulation (BÖHHBÜY) (numbered 30460) was published in the Official Gazette on 26.06.2018, this book has been prepared by considering the error limits for measurement methods, calculations and controls in the regulation.

While preparing the book, the cadastral law, development law and especially professional legislation such as BÖHHBÜY, professional books named as “Surveying Information, Topography and Land Surveying, Surveying Engineering, Introduction to Surveying”, and the lecture notes prepared by our instructors at universities; brochures of companies producing measuring instruments; domestic and foreign internet resources were used. We owe thanks to all the authors for whom we have benefited from their sources and for their efforts. In addition, we would like to thank to Assoc. Prof. Dr. İsmail ŞANLIOĞLU, who contributed to the preparation of the book, and Asst. Prof. Dr. Ali ULVİ, Inst. Atilla KARABACAK, Eng. Engin KANUN, who have drawn two and three-dimensional figures in this book, and Res. Asst. Mehmet Özgür ÇELİK, Res. Asst. Aydın ALPTEKİN, Inst.Yusuf DOĞAN, Eng. Melike OĞUZ, Eng. Seda Nur Gamze HAMAL, Eng. Hatice Gizem GÜMÜŞ DEMİRTAŞ, for their efforts, patience and dedication and also to our colleagues who share their knowledge and suggestions for the book.

We sincerely hope that this book will be beneficial to our colleagues and students, especially for Geomatics Engineering Department which have a curriculum in English language, as the first faculty members of the Geomatics Engineering Department of Mersin University, which was founded in 2015 and started its academic life in the 2019-2020 academic year. In addition, we will be happy with your contributions to make this book in a better condition by conveying your theoretical and technical opinions and suggestions to us.